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Abstract: Today, water supply is a critical issue in developing countries. Collecting rainwater from the roofs of buildings in urban areas for unsanitary and irrigation purposes is possible and help resolve the water crisis of citizens. If roof pond surface system of houses are modeled and simulated according to local daily precipitation statistics, percent of the water needs of residents,, the area of rainwater harvesting, running costs of the system and are designed and performed based on results obtained from charts and graphs, it causes increase the efficiency of these types of systems in urban areas. In this study, rain pond surface System and the performance of tanks for storing rainwater and the daily water needs of the residents in the buildings in Rasht is analyzed based on daily precipitation statistics from 1338 to 1386. According to these results, it can be said that if the volume of tanks and daily unsanitary needs of residents are calculated based on the physical and hydrological condition of the building, Rainwater storage in tanks reaches the maximum and there are more days for providing unsanitary needs of the residents by collecting rainwater. In Rasht, 80% and 50% of all days of the year, the daily unsanitary needs of determined residents can be provide by using large and small tanks respectively.

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Ali Akbar Abbasi, Ali Bagherian Kalat, Elham Khoshbazm Email: ak_abbasi@yahoo.com Abstract The water shortage in the world is one of the main problems that affect human life especially in arid and semi-arid area. Most area of the country is located within the arid and semi-arid. Rainfall in such areas is low with poor distribution that is causing droughts and water shortages. Catchments in mountainous areas produce runoff and plain areas in addition to direct rainfall accumulate main part of mountainous water. Because of the steep mountain catchments have different hydrological behavior, the main characteristics of mountainous areas is producing water. If store the runoff or provide a suitable platform for its infiltration, In addition to providing water for pasture improvement or recharging of subsurface flow and groundwater, helps to reduce flood plain areas located at downstream. This research that has been done at Goosh catchment at the upstream of Kardeh dam, Evaluated the Impacts of low head structures on runoff maintenance and soil moisture. Based on field measurements, earth dams had the greatest role in storing runoff. After more than ten years due to the construction of watershed structures in the study area and deposition of fine sediments with depth of 1.7 meters behind earthen dams, Which reduce the possibility of infiltration rate of stored water behind the structures. As a result, the major contribution of stored water has evaporation.

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Abstract In the Hormozgan province, limitation of fresh water resources has led the people of ancient times to think collected and stored rainfalls. Local people and invaders to the store fresh water, build ponds and wells in the area. In many villages, districts, centers and smaller cities in Hormozgan porovince, the pool is still the only source of drinking water. Rainwater is collected and stored in ponds for drinking is very important. Ponds in the south of Iran have certain characteristics and effects. Recently, the towns and villages develop and have piped water systems, but a major expansion of ponds around the villages and roads are visible and the pond water is used for drinking. According to statistics provided by the Health Center of Hormozgan province, there are existing 2842 water reservoirs or ponds in the province.The volume of water extracted from these ponds is more than 15 million cubic meters.Today, people have tried to prevent water pollution and its quick steering ponds, rainwater harvesting levels as high as nearby pond that is steeped expand. These surfaces are called Mamar in local term and they are made of stone and cement. A prominent example of such structures can be seen in the Anjireh village, Bandar Lengeh, Hormozgan province. People of Lavar Sheikh Village's addition to building ponds, have been built concrete short dams in narrow valleys upstream and in this way to collect and store runoff. Water collected in the form of gravity led to the village and are used for drinking consumption.Peoples of Bavrdan village have done very interesting initiative to collect and store flood waters using indigenous knowledge and modern science. They have led floods with good quality to a recharge pool that has a very simple form and a small groundwater aquifer have created. A number of wells have been drilled in the recharge pool and the stored water is extracted through wells and used for drinking. All of them are shown that People looking to use local knowledge and combining it with the knowledge of today and the reason is the need for fresh water and drinking.

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Abstract
The Global warming and climate change caused changes in rainfall patterns. Instead of snow, rainfalls are as precipitations which are not useful since usually they are lost as runoff or flood. Thus, proper recovery of precipitation especially snow and rain is very important, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas.By establishing rainwater harvesting systems with high runoff coefficients and storage of the runoff we can produce sustainable conditions to meet the water requirement of the plants and forest trees in the dryseasons. For this purpose, three treatment procedures including intact natural surfaces, areas covered with gravel, and use of plastic cover with gravel were selected and repeated thrice. The areas of each constructed experimental plot were 4m2squared shape, and their average slope was 11.5-18%.The results obtained from 16 occasions of rainfall showed that the recovered runoff obtained from natural surfaces with gravel, intact natural surfaces and plastic cover with gravel treatments were 7, 12 and 48 % of the rainfall, respectively.The rainfall thresholds to initiate runoff flows in the treatments were obtainedto be 4.4, 3.5 and 2.7 mm, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the runoff from treatments were statistically significant at P<0.01. The mean comparison revealed that the highest runoff was produced by plastic surfaces with gravel treatment and this system is suggested as an appropriate option to harvest rainwater as a result of this study.

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Abstract Since the rainwater is the cleanest part of water resources in nature, if the runoff is collected and used, consumers would get involved in the process ofwater resources managementin addition to saving water. Estimation of the runoff volume, particularly in urban areas, is the main parameter. Due to the lack of or inadequacy of data, often this parameter is estimated using experimental methods which have been mostly developed for other areas. Moreover, these methods would not work properlywithout proper calibration and performance evaluation. In this study, a research project has been implemented in Building No. 2 of the Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. In this project, a rain gauge and runoff gaugewere installed, and the runoff and the rainfall was recorded. Using appropriate statistical analyzes, the runoff coefficient and the volume of runoff by different values of the depth and intensity of rainfall were measured after each rainfall event. Based on these results, the runoff coefficient for the average spring rainfall events is 0.52it is 0.59 for the fall season is 0.59 and it is 0.60 for the winter. The highest average amount of runoff was generated in winter. The average potential runoff produced from one Hectare of paved streets in the study area, in each of the seasons of fall, winter, and spring is about 200 cubic meters.

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The Process of obtaining and gathering of water isn’t new phenomenon. Our traditional culture in this field is rich and productive. Khooshab is a traditional technique to collect runoff using autochthonous materials. Especially embankment operation is constructed in the rivers bed and flood watercourses. The age of thistraditional methodis more than four centuries. The materials of Khooshab consist of soil ofwatercourses. In addition to collecting and infiltration ofwater leads to the creating of cultivated lands. This study was conducted to provide to better understanding of the deep knowledge of local people in the harvesting of water. Attention to this indigenous knowledge is important factor for accesses to indices of sustainable development in the areas where faced with problems of water scarcity.

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In most arid and semi-arid regions, because of over-pumping from groundwater and irregular use of river and other reservoirs, planting trees and vegetation cover have been facing difficulties. Therefore, the use of other water resources like rainwater and floodwaters in recent decades has been taken into consideration in these decades.Traditional methods and techniques for water harvesting in most arid and semi-arid regions have been applied for many years, i.e. methods such as rainwater harvesting, floodwater harvesting, fog and dew harvesting, using Qanat and specific wells. Using these methods of water irrigation through microcatchment systems enables us to improve and rehabilitate desert areas and arid and semi-arid regions. This paper will discuss in detail the application of microcatchments for water harvesting for growth of olive trees in the east of the Golestan province. Results of survival of olive planted in microcatchment systems showed t a different significance in one percent level in comparison with general conditions and control. The amount of olive seedlings survival is 100% but planting olive seedlings in the usual method and without water harvesting system under a water scarcity condition could not be established.

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Abstract Currently, much of the water resources in Iran are used in agriculture. As a result, most of the water losses are related to this section. Iran is a developing country and it is located in the arid and semi-aridregions of the world. In these conditions, drought and shortage of water is one of the main challenges in agricultural production. Therefore, development of sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions depends on the increase in water usage efficiency in these regions. Rainfed agriculture, with 80percent of the earth's harvested area, yields 62 percent of the food production for the population of the world. Now, the benefits of rainfed agriculture especially in the production of food for a growing world population, is highly considered. Rainfed agriculture has distinct and different characteristics compared to irrigated agriculture and integrated management of water can increase food production by 75 percent and it is an essential step in order to avoid starvation. Due to climatic conditions in Iran and restrictions in water resources and fertile land, providing optimal management and use of water in agriculture can play a key role in food production. Therefore, the rational use of water in agriculture requires proper planning, and new methods of management.And rainwater harvesting are important in this way for rainfed agriculture.

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In order to investigate the roles of water harvesting patterns in water saving and increasing rain water productivity under micro catchment water harvesting systems, a field experiment was conducted in East Azarbaijan in the northwest of Iran during 1999-2006. The treatments included two MCWH patterns (small basins and semi-circular bunds), three catchment sizes (25m2 49m2 and 81m2), three runoff area treatments (Natural, cleared and smoothed, wetting and compacting) and two infiltration areas (Natural, soil mixed with polymer at a rate of 1kg/tree) for two new almond varieties. Polymer had no significant effect on water holding. Although the small basin with (9×9), runoff area compacted and use of polymer gave better results in survival, the growth and productivity of almond, the treatment with small basin (7×7) with compaction and without polymer can be recommended based on an economic analysis. Threshold runoffs were measured to be 2.5-3.5, 3.5-4.5 and 4.5-5.5 mm for natural, cleaned and smoothed, cleaned, wetted and compacted condite, respectively. Seventeen-year (1996-2013) average rainfall is equal to 202 mm, which shows that 84.4, 65.3, 51.3 and 36.4 of the total precipitation were more than 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm, respectively. Maximum rainfall runoff coefficient for threshold rain of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm, was obtained to be 0.57, 0.35, 0.22 and 0.14, respectively. The design runoff coefficient for threshold rain of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm, was obtained to be 0.28, 0.17, 0.11 and 0.07, respectively. Determination of threshold runoff has a major role in the success of water harvesting system design.

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Rainwater harvesting (WH) is a technique to supply water for dryland regions. This technique has many sub-divisions with regards to quality and quantity of required water. It is worth mentioning that construction of large dams and withdrawing water from deep wells are not considered as WH methods. Instead, WH is mainly concerned with capturing and utilizing stream flows near the point where it is being generated by rain drops. The present text aims to categorize the WH methods according to the catchment types, collection methods and utilization methods.

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Nowadays, the whole country is overrun by the water crisis. Therefore, rainwater harvesting is desired as an efficient alternative for water supplying. Before the execution of any rainwater harvesting project in rural or urban buildings, we need to prepare a comprehensive manual for designing and optimizing the water reservoirs. In this work, an inclusive plan was designed to study all parts of a rooftop catchment system, i.e. rooftop area, transferring equipments, reservoir and also water quality problem in Golestan province. Finally, a guideline was prepared for designing and optimizing the reservoirs with consideration of social and economic scopes in the study area. The methodology was based on the field surveying and questionnaire filling in 12 selected sites in Golestan province. Then, each site was hydrological simulated and reservoirs’ volumes were optimized based on the mass diagram approach. Water quality monitoring was carried out, as well. Finally, technical report was prepared and split into 7 parts including “introduction”, “literature review”, “study area”, “hydrological simulation and optimization”, “water quality”, “guideline” and “conclusion”.

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Abstract
The crescent structure is one of the water harvesting systems that lacks precision in design, especially in the precision of intake volume of the crescent that may  cause damage. The study area includes sloped lands in which figs are grown through dry farming by using the runoff that is collected by the crescent structure. The purpose of this study is to optimize the dimensions of crescent pond structures in Estahban of Fars province. Therefore, a maximum of 24-hour rainfall data for 20 years (1995-2014) from the Estahban station was used in this study. After analyzing the data in terms of accuracy and homogeneity, the time series data were fitted to different functions and after selecting the best distribution function with respect to residual sum of squares, the maximum 24hour rainfall on different return period was calculated. Then, the SCS method was used for calculating the runoff and based on of the  100 square meters area of each micro catchment, the volume of runoff was calculated. The results showed that the use of the log Pearson type &Iota;&Iota;&Iota; distribution parameters is the best compared with other functions. By selecting a return period of 10 years as the basis for design and considering the different slopes, the volume of the crescent structure must have a capacity exceeding 2.33 cubic meters in order to increase the likelihood of success for the project.
 

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Abstract

Deficiency of precipitation followed by water scarcity is one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Among the water supply sources to these areas are collecting and storing rainwater. Site determination is finding a series of proper optional places for a particular applications that multi-criteria decision problem are involved. They are defined by simplified strategies for decisions and facilitate spatial process on various problems of spatial deciding in various ways. The aim of this study is to determine the potential sites of rainwater harvesting using Analytical Hierarchy Process in urban areas of Birjand. In this study, to obtain the proper area for rainwater collection from 5 criteria of slope, annual precipitation, land use, distance from surface canals and rivers in the study area were used. Initially to use this model, layers provided based on their relationship with the phenomenon are classified and scored. Then, they are introduced to the model. The final composition of the layers is configured of four classes, including the potentials of very high, high, medium and low categories. Results have shown that the criteria of land use, distance from river and surface channel take the largest weights of 0.584, 0.151 and 0.140, respectively. Finally, eleven points talented rainwater harvesting in urban areas of Birjand are identified.

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Abstract

About 36 percent of the total rainfall occurring in the country can be harvested and more than 64 percent of it is evaporated. The annual rainfall in Iran is 432 billion cubic meters in which 280 billion cubic meter return to the atmosphere, while it can be used. The other 100 billion cubic meter by appropriate methods of water harvesting can be utilized. Although the rain rarely falls in the arid areas, its volume is considerable. The studied place in this research is green zone located in the beginning of Birjand-Qaen Road, with a length of 11 km, which is executed in order to the attractiveness of the city entrance and also the relative equilibrium of humidity in the area. The new and economic resources should be applied for trees irrigation due to the climatic characteristics and water shortage. Thus, the main goal of the research is the harvesting and collecting of rain water from the road surface, with a length of 9 km and directing it to the special tank and finally irrigating the green zone. The results show that due to the monthly shortage of water and water waste in the flow path, there is a capacity of storing 10000 cubic meter water in two tanks. This amount of water will be the supplier of the water shortage in the green zone. Also for optimal use and increasing the efficiency of irrigation, a drip irrigation system was designed for irrigation of the green zone.

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Abstract

Human societies in arid and semi-arid have felt the necessity of rainwater for agriculture and even husbandry activities. Thus, they have used various methods for rain water harvesting. Todays, in most of countries in the world particularly those countries that are encountered the lack of water, using different methods of rainwater harvesting has been increased in most of countries. They are located in arid and semiarid regions wherein there is not enough rain. So water harvesting techniques are used even in humid and semi humid regions especially in summer season. In this approach we have applied one of traditional rain water harvesting methods in northern part of Iran for the purpose of providing the irrigation water for citruses garden in spring and summer seasons. It is called as isolated surface slope plate which was applied to a garden in GhaemShahr which is located in Mazandaran province. This garden is included an apartment with two stories.  The first floor is belonged to settlement and in the ceiling floor is made water storage with 26 m³ capacity. Usually in every period of ten years the lack of water may occur. To solve this problem, the surface of the steep roof should be increased. On the other hand, if the surface of the garden increases, the surface of the steep roofs should be increased, too.

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Abstract
Nowadays, rainwater harvesting systems, especially in urban regions, are considered as one of the approaches in water resources management. It is globally being studied as an effective plan, as well. Therefore, considering the requirement of attention to the components of rainwater harvesting system and reservoir volume optimization, this study has been launched toward the optimization of required reservoir supply volume for enabling the maximum supply with the least expenses. In this work, the rainfall statistics of Birjand synoptic station was utilized as the base information for hydrologic analysis. To estimate water-consumption-rate, some questionnaires were distributed among residents. To determine an optimal volume for cisterns, simulated water harvesting systems were analyzed through mass curve analysis in two conditions, i.e. normal and wet years. Five scenarios were defined, in terms of water use rate in dry wet season. In the first scenario (the basic scenario without any reduction in water utilization rate in wet season), reservoir volume of the buildings 1-7 in normal year were estimated as 9794, 6099, 11021, 6282, 6196, 7026, and 17146 liters, respectively. However, in wet conditions (years), reservoir volume of the buildings 1-7 were estimated as 10104, 6931, 23013, 11774, 6488, 12501, and 36972 liters, respectively. For the scenarios 2-5, with 10, 20, 30, and 50%, respectively, decrease in residents’ water consumption rate in wet season, water was more supplied for dry season. However these scenarios resulted in some decrease or increase in reservoir volume. Obtained optimal reservoir volume of each scenario was compared with the basic scenario. Results have shown that the mass curve approach is appropriate for determining the volume of reservoir except for the buildings where the consumption curve was higher than input curve. In these cases, trial and error approach was identified more appropriate in reservoir volume estimation.
 

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Water shortage in arid and semi-arid world results in fragile environmental conditions. Therefore, the implementation of rainwater harvesting system is an important step in order to maximize water availability for agriculture and other uses. However, choosing the appropriate location for implementation of various systems to collect rainwater on a large scale is being a great challenge due to the need for environmental data and infrastructure. In this study, the most influential factors affecting the rainwater storage in the soil profile and runoff production in the Rudsarab watershed were fed into the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The weights for six criteria, i.e. land use, slope, permeability, soil texture, soil depth and rainfall using ext-AHP application within the Arc GIS9.3 environment were determined as 0.4281, 0.1930, 0.0724, 0.0725, 0.0414, 0.1924, respectively for the objective of runoff production. However, based on the objective of runoff storage, the weights for criteria land use, slope, permeability, soil texture and soil depth were respectively determined as 0.102, 0.0458, 0.102, 0.504, 0.0245. Thus, in terms of runoff storage, the effect of soil texture and based on the aim of runoff production the effect of land use was more than the others for site selection in the study area. Then rain water harvesting potential map for both objectives, i.e. runoff storage and runoff production was extracted using a weighted linear combination in the GIS environment. The extracted map was classified into five suitability groups, i.e. very good, good, average, poor and very poor using the natural breaks approach. In general, it can be revealed that about 58% and 19% of the watershed area had very good and good potential for rainwater harvesting, in terms of the objectives runoff storage and runoff production, respectively. This established a more significant potential of the watershed for runoff storage, as compared with runoff production (efficiency).  

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The Urmia Lake (N-E Iran) is about to be completely dried so that many precious animals species could be scattered around looking for water and food. Occasional counter measures have been undertaken by local authorities including water transformation by ship and helicopter which could not be considered to be a sustainable solution in the long term scale. One should note that apart from water scarcity, animal forage has been also affected by recent drought. Therefore, any solution proposed for providing animal drinking water, should consider a sustainable planting practices at the same time. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a modern solution for collecting, conducting and storing rainfall induced runoff from natural and artificial impermeable surfaces. This method is particularly useful for remote area where usual water supply systems may not be applicable. Rainwater harvesting systems is composed of a catchment, conveying devices and storage facilities. Catchment should be almost impermeable and large enough to provide required amount of water during individual or several consequent rainfall events. Catchment surface may be naturally impervious or can be artificially isolated for maximum runoff production using different material types such as cement, bitumen or PVC membranes. Runoff generated by impervious catchment can be conveyed into a downstream reservoir using a pipeline or low height ditches. Reservoir capacity should be tailored with respect to the long term average or minimum monthly rainfall using frequency analysis. The results of the study presented here shows that in three out of four important Urmia islands (i.e. Espir, Kaboodan and Ashk) there exist long slopping rock surfaces with a good distribution along the area which can be used as impervious catchment for runoff collection. It is only in the Arezoo Island that contains more gentle topography and is covered with a weathered surface layer so that artificially constructed impervious catchment may be needed. Other possibilities such as groundwater dam to be constructed along some of the main stream channels are also considered as a good alternative and more durable solution.

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